175 cards
Assuming an atom has a pair of electrons to donate, the ability of a species to donate that pair should be inversely proportional to ____.
A polar ____ solvent can participate in hydrogen bonding with a nucleophile.
A polar ____ solvent does not hydrogen bond to nucleophiles to a significant extent.
If ____ are present, an incoming nucleophile can make a bond with the electrophile without displacing the leaving group.
If empty orbitals are present, ____
The carboxylic acid derivatives are often ranked by electrophilicity. ____.
The carboxylic acid derivatives are often ranked by ____. Anhydrides are the most reactive, followed by carboxylic acids and esters, and th…
The bond breaks in such a way that the two bonding electrons divide equally between the two participating atoms or fragments, in the proces…
The bond breaks in such a way that ____, in the process called homolytic cleavage.
The bond breaks in such a way that the entire bonding electron pair is donated to one of the atoms, in the process called ____.
The bond breaks in such a way that ____, in the process called heterolytic cleavage.
In homolytic cleavage of bonds, ____ are formed.
In ____ cleavage of bonds, radicals are formed.
In heterolytic cleavage of bonds, ____ are formed.
In ____ cleavage of bonds, ions are formed.
____ are the molecular fragments that retain the electrons after heterolysis.
____ reactions are essentially the opposite of coordinate covalent bond formation.
Heterolytic reactions are essentially the opposite of ____ formation.
The best leaving groups will be able to ____
____ are more stable with an extra set of electrons and therefore make good leaving groups.
The conjugate bases of strong acids (like I – , Br – , and Cl – ) tend to make ____ leaving groups.
The conjugate bases of ____ acids (like I – , Br – , and Cl – ) tend to make good leaving groups.
Nucleophilic attack can occur when leaving group is just as reactive as the nucleophile. ____
In both ____ reactions, a nucleophile forms a bond with a substrate carbon and a leaving group leaves.
In both S N 1 and S N 2 reactions, ____
S N 1 reactions contain ____ step(s).
S N 2 reactions contain ____ step(s).
The first step of S N 1 is ____.
The second step in S N 1 reactions is ____.
The ____ substituted the carbocation, the more stable it is.
The more substituted the carbocation, the more stable it is because ____.
S N 1 rate of reaction can be represented by rate = ____.
____ rate of reaction can be represented by rate = k [R–L].
S N 2 rate of reaction can be represented by rate = ____.
____ rate of reaction can be represented by rate = k [Nu:][R–L].
S N 1 rate of reaction is determined by ____.
S N 2 rate of reaction is determined by ____.
S N 1 is a ____ order rate reaction.
S N 2 is a ____ order rate reaction.
____ reactions pass through a planar intermediate before the nucleophile attacks, the product will usually be a racemic mixture.
S N 1 reactions pass through ____ before the nucleophile attacks, the product will usually be a racemic mixture.
S N 1 reactions pass through a planar intermediate before the nucleophile attacks, the product will usually be ____.
A ____ reaction is a chemical reaction in which all bond breaking and bond making occurs in a single step(s).
A concerted reaction is a chemical reaction in which all bond breaking and bond making occurs in ____ step(s).
____ is a concerted reaction.
In S N 2 reactions, the nucleophile actively displaces the leaving group in a ____ attack.
In ____ reactions, the nucleophile actively displaces the leaving group in a backside attack.
For backside attack to occur, ____
The less substituted the carbon, the ____ reactive it is in S N 2 reactions.
____ reactions are accompanied by an inversion of relative configuration.
S N 2 reactions are accompanied by ____
____ reaction, one in which the configuration of the reactant determines the configuration of the product due to the reaction mechanism.
Stereospecific reaction, one in which ____
The S N 2 reaction is ____ and proceeds by backside displacement, thereby producing inversion of configuration at the reacting center.
The S N 2 reaction is stereospecific and proceeds by backside displacement, thereby producing ____.
The S N 2 reaction is stereospecific and proceeds by ____, thereby producing inversion of configuration at the reacting center.
In oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions , o____f the reactants change.
____ is an indicator of the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds were completely ionic.
Oxidation state is an indicator of ____.
Oxidation refers to an in____ oxidation state.