175 cards
Reduction refers to a ____ in oxidation state.
An increase in oxidation state, means a ____ of electrons.
An in____ oxidation state, means a loss of electrons.
An decrease in oxidation state, means a ____ of electrons.
An ____ in oxidation state, means a gain of electrons.
In organic chemistry, it is often easier to view oxidation as ____
In organic chemistry, it is often easier to view ____ as increasing the number of bonds to oxygen or other heteroatoms (atoms besides carbo…
In organic chemistry, it is often easier to view reduction as ____
In organic chemistry, it is often easier to view ____ as increasing the number of bonds to hydrogen.
Oxidation of a carbon atom occurs when a bond between a carbon atom and an atom that is ____.
____ of a carbon atom occurs when a bond between a carbon atom and an atom that is less electronegative than carbon is replaced by a bond t…
One can organize the different functional groups by “levels” of oxidation: - Level 0: ____ - Level 1: alcohols, alkyl halides, amines - Lev…
One can organize the different functional groups by “levels” of oxidation: - Level 0: (no bonds to heteroatoms): alkanes - Level 1: ____ -…
One can organize the different functional groups by “levels” of oxidation: - Level 0: (no bonds to heteroatoms): alkanes - Level 1: alcohol…
One can organize the different functional groups by “levels” of oxidation: - Level 0: (no bonds to heteroatoms): alkanes - Level 1: alcohol…
One can organize the different functional groups by “levels” of oxidation: - Level 0: (no bonds to heteroatoms): alkanes - Level 1: alcohol…
The oxidizing agent is the element or compound in an oxidation–reduction reaction that ____
The ____ agent is the element or compound in an oxidation–reduction reaction that accepts an electron from another species.
The reducing agent is the element or compound in an oxidation–reduction reaction that ____
The ____ agent is the element or compound in an oxidation–reduction reaction that donates an electron to another species.
Because the oxidizing agent is gaining electrons, it is said to be ____.
Because the reducing agent is losing electrons, it is said to be ____.
Good oxidizing agents have a ____ oxidation states.
Primary alcohols can be oxidized by one level to become aldehydes, or can be further oxidized to form carboxylic acids. This reaction commo…
Primary alcohols can be oxidized by one level to become ____.
Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ____.
____ of a carbon occurs when a bond between a carbon atom and an atom that is more electronegative than carbon is replaced by a bond to an…
Reduction of a carbon occurs when a bond between a carbon atom and an atom that is ____.
Aldehydes and ketones will be reduced to ____, respectively.
Amides can be reduced to ____ using LiAlH 4 .
Amides can be reduced to amines using ____.
____ agents often contain metals bonded to a large number of hydrides.
Reducing agents often contain metals bonded to ____.
Oxidizing agents often contain metals bonded to ____.
____ agents often contain metals bonded to a large number of oxygen atoms.
Many of the common oxidizing and reducing agents include transition metals because ____.
The preferential reaction of one functional group in the presence of other functional groups is termed ____.
The more ____ the functional group, the more reactive it is in both nucleophile–electrophile and oxidation–reduction reactions.
The more oxidized the functional group, the ____ reactive it is in both nucleophile–electrophile and oxidation–reduction reactions.
The carbon of the carbonyl acquires a po____larity due to the electronegativity of the oxygen.
The carbon of the carbonyl acquires a positive polarity due to ____.
The α -hydrogens of carbonyl compounds are much more acidic than in a regular C–H bond due to ____ form.
The ____ of carbonyl compounds are much more acidic than in a regular C–H bond due to the resonance stabilization of the enol form.
The α -hydrogens of carbonyl carbons can be deprotonated easily with ____, forming an enolate.
The α -hydrogens of carbonyl carbons can be deprotonated easily with a strong base, forming ____
____ describes the prevention of reactions at a particular location within a molecule due to the size of substituent groups.
To prevent reduction of all functional groups, the aldehyde or ketone is first converted to a nonreactive acetal or ketal, which serves as…
To prevent reduction of all functional groups, the aldehyde or ketone is first converted to ____, which serves as the protecting group, and…
The two reactive sites of carbonyl-containing compounds are ____.
When an aldehyde is mixed with ____, it forms an acetal.
When an aldehyde is mixed with a diol (or two equivalents of alcohol), it forms ____.
When ____ is mixed with a diol (or two equivalents of alcohol), it forms an acetal.
When a ____ is mixed with a diol (or two equivalents of alcohol), it forms a ketal.
When a ketone is mixed with ____, it forms a ketal.
When a ketone is mixed with a diol (or two equivalents of alcohol), it forms ____.