175 cards
In an acid–base reaction, an acid and a base react, resulting in the formation of the ____ of the base.
An acid–base reaction will only proceed if the products that will be formed are ____
A Lewis acid is defined as ____ .
A ____ is defined as an electron acceptor .
A Lewis base is defined as ____ .
A ____ is defined as an electron donor .
Lewis acids also tend to be ____.
Lewis acids have ____ into which they can accept an electron pair.
Lewis bases also tend to be ____.
When Lewis acids and bases interact, they form ____ bonds .
Coordinate covalent bonds are covalent bonds in which ____
____ are covalent bonds in which both electrons in the bond came from the same starting atom.
In the Brønsted–Lowry definition, ____ is a species that can donate a proton (H + ).
In the Brønsted–Lowry definition, an acid is a species that can ____ a proton (H + ).
In the ____ definition, an acid is a species that can donate a proton (H + ).
In the Brønsted–Lowry definition, ____ is a species that can accept a proton (H + ).
In the Brønsted–Lowry definition, a base is a species that can a____ proton (H + ).
Some molecules, like water, have the ability to act as either Brønsted–Lowry acids or bases, making them ____.
The ____, measures the strength of an acid in solution.
In the dissociation of an acid HA (HA ⇌ H + + A – ), the equilibrium constant is given by:____
The p K a can be calculated as:
More acidic molecules will have a ____ p K a .
More basic molecules will have a ____ p K a .
Weak organic acids often have p K a values between ____.
Acids with a p K a ____ are considered strong acids.
The more electronegative an atom, the ____ the acidity.
The nitrogen atom of an amine can form ____ bonds by donating a lone pair to a Lewis acid.
The nitrogen atom of an amine can form coordinate covalent bonds by donating a lone pair to a Lewis ____.
Nucleophiles are defined as “nucleus-loving” species with ____ that can form new bonds to electrophiles.
Nucleophile strength is based on ____.
____ strength is based on relative rates of reaction with a common electrophile.
Base strength is based on ____.
____ strength is based on the equilibrium position of a reaction.
Nucleophile strength is a ____ property.
____ strength is a kinetic property.
Base strength is a ____ property.
____ strength is a thermodynamic property.
On Test Day, look for ____ with a minus sign or lone pair to identify most nucleophiles.
Nucleophilicity is determined by four major factors: 1. ____
Nucleophilicity ____ with increasing electron density (more negative charge).
Nucleophilicity increases with ____ negative charge).
Nucleophilicity decreases as electronegativity ____.
Nucleophilicity ____ as electronegativity increases.
Nucleophilicity decreases as electronegativity increases because ____.
Bulkier molecules are ____ nucleophilic.
____ solvents can hinder nucleophilicity by protonating the nucleophile or through hydrogen bonding.
In polar ____ solvents, nucleophilicity increases down the periodic table.
In polar protic solvents, nucleophilicity increases ____ the periodic table.
In polar aprotic solvents, nucleophilicity increases ____ the periodic table.
In polar ____ solvents, nucleophilicity increases up the periodic table.
In protic solvents, nucleophilicity decreases because ____.
In ____ solvents, nucleophilicity decreases because the protons in solution will be attracted to the nucleophile.
In aprotic solvents, nucleophilicity decreases because ____.
In ____ solvents, nucleophilicity decreases because there are no protons to get in the way of the attacking nucleophile.
We won’t use nonpolar solvents with nucleophillic reactions because ____.
Electrophiles are defined as “electron-loving” species with a ____ polarized atom.
Electrophile act like Lewis ____.
A greater degree of positive charge increases ____.
Better ____ make it more likely that a nucleophile-electrophile reaction will happen.
The conjugate base is always a better ____.