83 cards
____ - carbon is adjacent to the carbonyl carbon.
Through ____, oxygen pulls some of the electron density out of these α-Hydrogens bonded to Carbons, weakening them.
Through induction, oxygen pulls some of the ____ out of these α-Hydrogens bonded to Carbons, weakening them.
Through induction, oxygen pulls some of the electron density out of these α-Hydrogens bonded to Carbons, ____ them.
Oxygen pulling on C-H bonds with α-hydrogens, makes it relatively easy to ____ the α -carbon of an aldehyde or ketone.
The ____ of α -hydrogens is augmented by resonance stabilization of the conjugate base.
The acidity of α -hydrogens is augmented by ____.
When the ____ is removed, the extra electrons that remain can resonate between the α -carbon, the carbonyl carbon, and the carbonyl oxygen.
When the α -hydrogen is removed, the ____.
The electron-____ oxygen atom helps stabilize the carbanion , upon deprotonation of the α-hydrogen.
The electron-withdrawing oxygen atom helps stabilize the ____ , upon deprotonation of the α-hydrogen.
When in basic solutions, α -hydrogens will ____ deprotonate.
When in ____ solutions, α -hydrogens will easily deprotonate.
Base makes molecules more electron-____.
____ makes molecules more electron-rich.
____ makes molecules more electron-poor.
Acid makes molecules more electron-____.
Electron-withdrawing groups like oxygen stabilize organic ____.
The α -hydrogens of ketones tend to be slightly ____ acidic than those of aldehydes due to the electron-donating properties of the addition…
The α -hydrogens of ketones tend to be slightly less acidic than those of aldehydes due to the ____ in a ketone.
In reactions, aldehydes are slightly ____ reactive to nucleophiles than ketones due in part to steric hindrance in the ketone, which arises…
In reactions, aldehydes are slightly more reactive to nucleophiles than ketones due in part to ____ that ketones contain.
Ketones are slightly less likely to react with nucleophiles than aldehydes because ____.
Due to the acidity of the α -hydrogen, aldehydes and ketones exist in solution as a mixture of two isomers: the familiar ____ form.
Due to ____, aldehydes and ketones exist in solution as a mixture of two isomers: the familiar keto form, and the enol form.
The enol form gets its name from the presence of a ____ component).
The two isomers, which differ in the placement of a proton and the double bond, are called ____.
The two isomers, which differ in the placement of a ____e bond, are called tautomers.
The equilibrium between the tautomers lies far to the ____ side, in keto-enol tautomerization.
Any aldehyde or ketone with a chiral α -carbon will rapidly become a racemic mixture as the keto and enol forms interconvert, a phenomenon…
Any aldehyde or ketone with a ____ will rapidly become a racemic mixture as the keto and enol forms interconvert, a phenomenon known as α -…
Tautomers are resonance structures. ____
The ____ enolate form can act as a nucleophile.
The enolate carbanion results from the deprotonation of the α -carbon by a ____.
The enolate carbanion results from ____ by a strong base.
Common strong bases include the ____.
A 1,3-dicarbonyl is particularly ____ because there are two carbonyls to delocalize negative charge.
A 1,3-dicarbonyl is particularly acidic because there are two carbonyls to ____
A ____ is particularly acidic because there are two carbonyls to delocalize negative charge.
A ____ is often used to form enolate carbanions.
The ____ results in the conjugate addition of an enolate ion to give dicarbonyl compounds.
The Michael addition results in the ____ compounds.
Michael addition reaction is the one in which the ____.
____ reaction is the one in which the carbanion of enolate attacks an α , β -unsaturated carbonyl compound.
Michael Addition Reaction: Step #1: ____.
Michael addition reaction proceeds due to the ____ of the intermediates.
The Michael reaction involves the ____ of a resonance stabilized enolate to the β carbon of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system.
The Michael reaction involves the conjugate addition (1,4-addition) of a ____.
____ carbonyl compounds are resonance stabilized and have two electrophilic sites—the carbonyl carbon and the α-carbon.
α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds are resonance stabilized and have two electrophilic sites—the ____.
α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds are resonance stabilized and have two ____ sites—the carbonyl carbon and the α-carbon.
____ forms of enolate can form from a ketone.
Two forms of ____ can form from a ketone.
The kinetically controlled product is formed more ____s stable.
The kinetically formed product has the double bond to the ____ substituted α -carbon.
The ____ formed product has the double bond to the less substituted α -carbon.
Thermodynamic enolate is formed by the removal of the ____.
The ____ product is favored in reactions that are rapid, irreversible, at lower temperatures, and with a strong, sterically hindered base.
The kinetic product is favored in reactions that are ____ base.
The thermodynamic product is favored in reactions that are ____ base.