903 cards
When two nucleophiles are involved, the ____ nucleophile will leave.
The best nucleophiles are ____ bases.
The best ____ are strong bases.
The best leaving groups are ____ bases.
The best ____ are weak bases.
The boiling point of alcohols goes up with ____.
The boiling and melting points of alcohols are much higher than their similar-size alkanes due to their ability to ____
The two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen of alcohol are exposed by the ____ shape of the molecule, creating a partial negative charge…
The two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen of alcohol are exposed by the bent shape of the molecule, creating a ____ charge.
____ are strongly electronegative and pull electron density away from the rest of the molecule.
Electron withdrawing groups (EWGs) are ____
EWGs make alcohols more ____ by drawing electron density away from the acidic proton, increasing its partial positive charge.
EWGs make alcohols more acidic by ____
Electron donating groups (EDGs) donate electrons and thus stabilize ____ charge.
By stabilizing conjugate acids, EDGs make a molecule more ____.
By stabilizing conjugate acids, ____ make a molecule more basic.
Trend of alcohol acidity from strongest acid to weakest acid is: ____.
Alcohols can be converted to a type of ester called a ____ to become better leaving groups.
Alcohols can be converted to a type of ester called a sulfonate to become better ____
____ are commonly used sulfonates that are tested by the MCAT®.
How is charge distribution related to basicity? - ____.
Tosylates and mesylates are also useful for the protection of ____.
The conversion to a ____ prevents the alcohol from acting as an acid or undergoing other reactions.
The conversion to a sulfonate prevents the alcohol from acting as ____.
The conversion to a sulfonate prevents the ____ from acting as an acid or undergoing other reactions.
Ethers are relatively ____
Ethers are roughly as soluble in water as ____ of similar molecular weight.
Organic compounds tend to be much more soluble in ethers than they are in alcohols because ____
Nitrogen behaves similarly to oxygen, but it is an even ____ leaving group than oxygen.
____, nitrogen-containing compounds, are derivatives of ammonia.
Amines, nitrogen-containing compounds, are derivatives of ____.
C-N bonds, once formed, are ____ than C-O bonds.
When nitrogen has four bonds it has a ____ charge, as in the ammonium ion.
When nitrogen appears on the MCAT® with only three bonds, draw in ____
When an amine appears on the MCAT®, think of these two reactions: 1. ____.
Amines generally react as ____.
Amines react with aldehydes and ketones in ____ reactions.
Amines react with ____ in nucleophilic addition reactions.
Amines react with ____ in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Amines react with carboxylic acids in ____ reactions.
Ammonia and amines act as bases by ____
Electron ____ substituents increase the basicity.
Electron withdrawing substituents on the amine ____ the basicity.
While nucleophiles attack with their electrons, other molecules hold ____ charge and receive the electrons that nucleophiles provide.
While nucleophiles attack with their ____ that nucleophiles provide.
Electrophiles are molecules with a tendency to ____ to form new chemical bonds.
____ are molecules with a tendency to accept electrons to form new chemical bonds.
The common electrophiles on the MCAT® all have ____.
The common electrophiles on the MCAT® all have carbonyls due to the ____ on the carbonyl carbon.
A ____ is a carbon double bonded to an oxygen.
A carbonyl is a ____.
Whenever a carbonyl appears on the MCAT®, think about two things: 1. ____
The ____ of a carbonyl leaves open space above and below, reducing steric hindrance and making it more receptive to attack.
The planar stereochemistry of a carbonyl leaves open space above and below, ____
The ____e charge on the oxygen is easily protonated.
The partial positive carbonyl carbon is made either more ____e by electron donating substituents.
The partial positive carbonyl carbon is made either more reactive by electron ____ substituents.
Acyl chlorides are the most reactive carbonyl because ____
Two possible reactions that can occur with carbonyls are ____
Nucleophilic addition reactions occur at carbonyls when they are bonded to ____.