Question
The partial positive carbonyl carbon is made either more ____e by electron donating substituents.
Answer
The partial positive carbonyl carbon is made either more reactive by electron withdrawing substituents or more stable by electron donating substituents.
Note: Acyl chlorides are the most reactive carbonyl because the chloride pulls electron density away from the already partially positive carbon. Conversely, the nitrogen in an amide donates electron density to the partially positive carbonyl carbon, stabilizing the carbonyl. This makes amides the least reactive carboxylic acid derivative.
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