903 cards
A ____ mixture is equal amounts of R and S.
A racemic mixture is ____
____ is when the reaction prefers either R or S.
If 100% and/or 0% of a unique stereoisomer is formed, the reaction is called ____.
Racemic mixtures occur mainly during which nucleophilic addition reaction and why?
Carbonyls improve ____ leaving group
____ are carboxylic acids where the R group is an alkyl group.
Aliphatic acids are ____ where the R group is an alkyl group.
Aliphatic acids are carboxylic acids where the R group is ____ group.
The salts of carboxylic acids are named with the suffix ____.
Carboxylic acid molecules are able to make two strong hydrogen bonds with each other to form dimers. ____
Carboxylic acids with ____ are miscible with water.
Carboxylic acids with ____ carbons are insoluble in water.
When the proton is removed, the conjugate base of carboxylic acid is stabilized ____
Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by ____ group.
A carboxylic acid derivative ____
In order of decreasing reactivity of carboxylic acids, the derivatives are the ____.
As a rule, more reactive acyl derivatives can be made easily into less reactive ones but not the other way around. ____
Acyl halides have ____
Anhydrides have ____
Esters have ____
Amides have ____
The hydrolysis of amides ____
Esters are a group of molecules in which ____.
Esters are a group of molecules in which an alcohol has undergone ____ reaction with a carboxylic acid.
____ are a group of molecules in which an alcohol has undergone nucleophilic substitution reaction with a carboxylic acid.
Alcohols react with esters in a reaction called ____.
____ in a reaction called transesterification.
When esters are involved in other reactions, the alkoxy group of the ester can be preserved by using ____, preventing transesterification.
When an ____, which would undergo nucleophilic substitution and form an intramolecular ester.
When an alcohol and carboxylic acid are located on the same carbon chain, the alcohol can attack the carboxylic acid, which would undergo n…
When an alcohol and carboxylic acid are located on the same carbon chain, the alcohol can attack the carboxylic acid, which would undergo _…
An intramolecular ester is called a ____.
Amides are the least reactive group of carbonyl molecules because ____.
Acetamide is formed when the -OH group of acetic acid is replaced by ____.
____ is formed when the -OH group of acetic acid is replaced by -NH2.
Substituents on the nitrogen in amides are prefaced by ____ in the name.
Cyclic amides can be formed in intramolecular reactions and are called ____.
____ can be formed in intramolecular reactions and are called lactams.
In all of the nucleophilic reactions with carboxylic acid derivatives, the carbonyl carbon acts as the substrate for ____ substitution.
Only ____ is more reactive than an aldehyde.
Ketones and aldehydes exist at room temperature as ____.
Tautomerization is the shift from ____.
Any ____ is any carbon attached directly to a carbonyl carbon.
Tautomerization is achieved by ____
Enols are more stable than Ketos. ____
In biological systems, tautomerization occurs in ____
____ is produced when a ketone is in basic conditions, and there is no proton source available.
An enolate is produced when a ketone is in ____ source available.
Whenever kinetic and thermodynamic reactions compete: - the ____ reaction has a higher activation energy, but forms a more stable product.
Whenever kinetic and thermodynamic reactions compete: - the kinetic reaction has a ____ stable product.
Aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols to form ____, respectively.
A hemiacetal and hemiketal have one bond to ____ group off of what was previously the carbonyl carbon.
When ____ group, forming an acetal or a ketal.
When additional alcohol - ROH - is added to the hemiacetal or hemiketal, the OR group can replace the OH group, forming ____.
____ are an important biological examples of hemiacetals and hemiketals that occur in nature.
Acetals and ketals have ____ groups attached to what was previously the carbonyl carbon.
____ are good protecting groups when there is a need to prevent an aldehyde or ketone from reacting.
____ is most often used to remove protection once the desired reaction is complete.
____ via nucleophilic addition reaction to form imines and enamines.