128 cards
____ reactive acyl compounds by nucleophilic substitution.
Carboxylic acids can be converted into amides if the incoming nucleophile is ____.
Carboxylic acids can be converted into ____ if the incoming nucleophile is ammonia (NH 3 ) or an amine.
Amides are named by replacing the ____ in the name of the parent carboxylic acid.
Any alkyl groups on the nitrogen are placed at the beginning of the name with the prefix ____.
Any alkyl groups on the ____ are placed at the beginning of the name with the prefix N –.
Amides exist in a resonance state where delocalization of electrons occurs between the ____ atoms.
Amides exist in a ____ state where delocalization of electrons occurs between the oxygen and nitrogen atoms.
Resonance between the ____ stabilizes the amide bond and restricts its motion.
Amides that are cyclic are called lactams and are named by replacing – oic acid with ____.
Amides that are cyclic are called ____.
Lactams may also be named by indicating the ____ that is bonded during cyclization of the compound.
1 carbon(s) away from the carbonyl carbon is called the ____ carbon.
____ carbon(s) away from the carbonyl carbon is called the α carbon.
2 carbon(s) away from the carbonyl carbon is called the ____ carbon.
____ carbon(s) away from the carbonyl carbon is called the ß carbon.
____ carbon(s) away from the carbonyl carbon is called the γ carbon.
3 carbon(s) away from the carbonyl carbon is called the ____ carbon.
____ carbon(s) away from the carbonyl carbon is called the δ carbon.
4 carbon(s) away from the carbonyl carbon is called the ____ carbon.
5 carbon(s) away from the carbonyl carbon is called the ____ carbon.
____ carbon(s) away from the carbonyl carbon is called the ε carbon.
Esters are a hybrid between a ____.
____ are a hybrid between a carboxylic acid and an ether (ROR′ ).
Esters can be made by reacting ____ conditions.
____ can be made by reacting carboxylic acids with alcohols under acidic conditions.
Esterification is a ____ as a side product.
In ____ can be protonated, which enhances the polarity of the bond, thereby placing additional positive charge on the carbonyl carbon and i…
In acidic solutions, the carbonyl oxygen can be protonated, which enhances the ____.
Esterification reaction occurs most rapidly with ____.
Esters are named in the same manner as salts of carboxylic acids, with the suffix of ____.
____ are named in the same manner as salts of carboxylic acids, with the suffix of - ate .
____ that are cyclic are called lactones .
Esters that are cyclic are called ____ .
Cyclic esters are named by replacing - oic acid with ____.
A 2 carbon lactone is called ____.
A ____ carbon lactone is called acetolactone.
A ____ carbon lactone is called propiolactone.
A 3 carbon lactone is called ____.
A 4 carbon lactone is called ____.
A ____ carbon lactone is called butyrolactone.
A 5 carbon lactone is called ____.
A ____ carbon lactone is called valerolactone.
Anhydrides are named by replacing the acid at the end of the name of the parent carboxylic acid with ____, whether cyclic or linear.
____ can be formed by the condensation of two carboxylic acids.
Anhydrides can be formed by the ____.
With increasing reactivity of carboxylic acids, there is a decrease in contribution of ____ from C.
With increasing reactivity of carboxylic acids, there is a ____ in contribution of resonance from C.
Carboxylic acids can be reduced to ____ by the use of lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH 4 ).
Carboxylic acids can be reduced to primary alcohols by the use of ____.
Carboxylic acid reduction reaction occurs by ____ group.
A gentler reducing agent like ____ is not strong enough to reduce carboxylic acids.
____ describes the complete loss of the carboxyl group as carbon dioxide.
Decarboxylation describes the complete loss of the ____.
____ occurs readily whenever a carboxy group (COOH) is bonded to the α-carbon of another carbonyl group.
Decarboxylation occurs readily whenever a ____ of another carbonyl group.
____ may spontaneously decarboxylate when heated.
1,3-Dicarboxylic acids and other β -keto acids may spontaneously decarboxylate when ____.
Since in decarboxylation reaction, both the electrophile and nucleophile are in the same molecule, the reaction proceeds through a ____ in…
Since in decarboxylation reaction, both the ____ are in the same molecule, the reaction proceeds through a six-membered ring in its transit…