61 cards
A ____ has two alkyl groups bonded to the carbonyl.
____ has one alkyl group and one hydrogen bonded to a carbonyl.
Aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from ____ .
____ is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring .
____ are named by replacing the – e at the end of the alkane name with the suffix – al .
Aldehydes are named by replacing the ____.
If the aldehyde is attached to a ____, the suffix – carbaldehyde is used instead.
If the aldehyde is attached to a ring, the suffix ____ is used instead.
Ketones are named by replacing the ____.
____ are named by replacing the – e with the suffix – one .
When naming ketones by their common names, the two alkyl groups are named ____.
When ketones are named as substituents, use either the prefix ____.
When ketones are named as ____, use either the prefix oxo – or keto –.
The physical properties of aldehydes and ketones are governed by the presence of the ____ group.
The dipole of the carbonyl is stronger than the dipole of an alcohol because ____.
While the dipole moment in the carbonyl group increases the ____.
Generally, aldehydes are more reactive toward nucleophiles than ____.
Generally, a____re more reactive toward nucleophiles than ketones.
Generally, aldehydes are more reactive toward nucleophiles than ketones because ____.
The carbonyl carbon is the most common ____ you’ll see on Test Day.
The carbon____ is the most common electrophile you’ll see on Test Day.
In the presence of ____, aldehydes and ketones react to form geminal diols (1,1-diols).
In the presence of water, aldehydes and ketones react to form ____.
When ____ is added to an aldehyde or ketone, the product is a hemiacetal or hemiketal, respectively.
When one equivalent of alcohol is added to an aldehyde or ketone, the product is a ____, respectively.
Nitrogen and nitrogen-based functional groups act as good nucleophiles due to ____.
Nitrogen and nitrogen-based functional groups act as good ____ due to the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen.
____ is lost, producing an imine .
Ammonia adds to the carbon atom and water is lost, producing ____ .
____ is a compound with a nitrogen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom.
Imine is a compound with a ____ atom.
Hydroxylamine reacts with aldehydes and ketones to form ____.
____ reacts with aldehydes and ketones to form oximes.
Hydroxylamine formula is (____).
____ formula is (H 2 N–OH).
Hydrazine formula is (____).
____ formula is (H 2 N–NH 2 ).
____ formula is (H 2 N–NH–C(O)NH 2 ).
Semicarbazide formula is (____).
____ reacts with aldehydes and ketones to form hydrazones.
Hydrazine reacts with aldehydes and ketones to form ____.
____ reacts with aldehydes and ketones to form semicarbazones.
Semicarbazide reacts with aldehydes and ketones to form ____.
Enamines contain both a ____ group.
____ contain both a double bond on an adjacent carbon, and themselves have a nitrogen-containing group.
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a classic ____ on the MCAT.
HCN has both ____ atom, rendering it relatively acidic with a p K a of 9.2.
HCN has both triple bonds and an electronegative nitrogen atom, rendering it relatively ____.
Reactions between cyanide and aldehydes/ketones produce compounds called ____ .
Reactions between ____ produce compounds called cyanohydrins .
Aldehydes are more oxidized than ____.
____ are more oxidized than alcohols but less oxidized than carboxylic acids.
____ are as oxidized as secondary carbons can get.
Most oxidizing agents will turn aldehydes into carboxylic acids; ____, however, is anhydrous and is not strong enough to oxidize past the p…
Aldehydes and ketones can also undergo reduction to form ____.
Reduction of aldehydes and ketones is often performed by ____ reagents.
____ of aldehydes and ketones is often performed by hydride reagents.
The most common of ____ reagents seen on the MCAT are lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH 4 ) and sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ).
The most common of hydride reagents seen on the MCAT are ____.
Sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) is often used when ____ conditions are needed.