903 cards
____ of a oxygen containing compound involves the nucleophilic addition of an oxygen to a carbon.
Oxidation of a oxygen containing compound involves the nucleophilic addition of ____ to a carbon.
Oxidation is an increase in bonds to o____ bonds.
____ is an increase in bonds to oxygen or halogen, loss of C-H bonds.
____ is an increase in bonds to hydrogen or R- groups, loss of bonds to oxygen or halogen.
Reduction is an increase in bonds to ____.
Oxygen and halogens withdraw electron density to/from carbon, leaving it ____.
Oxygen and halogens ____ electron density to/from carbon, leaving it oxidized.
Hydrogens and R- groups ____ electron density to/from carbon, leaving it reduced.
Hydrogens and R- groups donate electron density to/from carbon, leaving it ____.
Alcohols can be converted to alkenes through ____ reaction.
Alcohols can be converted to ____ through dehydration, an elimination reaction.
Secondary alcohols oxidize to ____.
____ alcohols oxidize to ketones.
Primary alcohols oxidize to ____.
____ alcohols oxidize to aldehydes.
Aldehydes oxidize to ____.
Generally speaking, oxidizing agents will have several ____ atoms.
When hydrogen is bonded with anything including or to the right of carbon, hydrogen is ____.
When hydrogen is bonded with anything including and to the left of boron, hydrogen is the ____ charge.
Most reduction reactions occur by ____ attacking a carbonyl carbon.
Most re____actions occur by hydrides attacking a carbonyl carbon.
____ of LiAlH 4 (or LAH) can be used to reduce carboxylic acids and their derivatives to alcohols.
Two equivalents of ____ can be used to reduce carboxylic acids and their derivatives to alcohols.
____ can only reduce ketones and aldehydes, not carboxylic acids or esters.
____ ions are common oxidizing agents that can oxidize alcohols to carboxylic acids.
Permanganate (MnO 4 2- ), chromate (Cro 4 2- ), and dichromate (Cr 2 O 7 2- ) ions are common oxidizing agents that can oxidize ____.
____ will oxidize primary alcohols to aldehdyes and secondary alcohols to ketones.
PCC will oxidize ____.
Oxidation of a ____ is called decarboxylation.
Oxidation of a carboxylic acid to carbon dioxide gas is called ____.
The activation energy is lower for decarboxylation when the β-carbon is a ____ because either the anion intermediate is resonance stabilize…
The activation energy is lower for decarboxylation when the β-carbon is a carbonyl because either ____.
In aldol condensation, a ____.
In ____, a carbonyl nucleophile attacks another carbonyl.
The aldol condensation is possible because ____ can act as a nucleophile.
Aldol condensation occurs when one ____.
Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation: Aldol Addition Step #1 : The base removes an α-hydrogen, leaving an enolate ion. Step #2 : The enolate i…
Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation: Aldol Addition Step #1 : The base removes an α-hydrogen, leaving an enolate ion. Step #2 : The enolate i…
Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation: Aldol Addition Step #1 : The base removes an α-hydrogen, leaving an enolate ion. Step #2 : ____. Step #3…
Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation: Aldol Addition Step #1 : ____. Step #2 : The enolate ion then acts as a nucleophile, att~cking the carbo…
The reverse of aldol condensation is a re____action.
____ reaction is what splits the ATP activated glucose in half.
Pro Tip : Remember, when the molecules look complicated, find ____.
Carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides and lipids are linked in chains through a ____ reaction.
The formation of bonds between macromolecules is called ____.
Carbohydrates are carbon chains with ____in form.
____ are carbon chains with an alcohol on each carbon except for one, which has either an aldehyde or ketone attached in straight chain for…
A ring is formed when ____ in a nucleophilic addition reaction and forming a hemiacetal.
A ring is formed when an alcohol group on a chiral carbon far from the carbonyl acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl in a ____.
In aqueous solution, carbohydrates exist predominantly in ____ form.
Monosaccharides can also undergo i____ reactions with other monosaccharides to form acetals.
Monosaccharides can also undergo intermolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions with other monosaccharides to form ____.
When carbohydrates contain ____, they are called aldoses.
When carbohydrates contain aldehydes, they are called ____.
When carbohydrates contain ketones, they are called ____.
When carbohydrates contain ____, they are called ketoses.
Carbohydrates can also be named for the number of carbons they possess: triose, ____, and so on.
Carbohydrates can be classified based on stereochemistry and are labeled ____.
In carbohydrate stereochemistry, number all of the carbons in a Fisher projection, with number 1 being ____.