194 cards
____ develop from mutations of proto-oncogenes.
Oncogenes develop from mutations of ____.
Oncogenes promotes ____.
Cancer is defined by ____.
Tumor suppressor genes code for proteins that ____
____ code for proteins that reduce cell cycling or promote DNA repair.
During replication, DNA polymerase ____ its work and excises incorrectly matched bases.
During replication, DNA polymerase proofreads its work and ____ incorrectly matched bases.
The daughter strand while proofreading is identified by ____ and is corrected accordingly.
The ____ strand while proofreading is identified by its lack of methylation and is corrected accordingly.
DNA ligase, which closes the gaps between Okazaki fragments, lacks ____ ability.
____ also occurs during the G 2 phase of the cell cycle, using the genes MSH2 and MLH1.
Mismatch repair also occurs during the ____ phase of the cell cycle, using the genes MSH2 and MLH1.
Mismatch repair also occurs during the G 2 phase of the cell cycle, using the genes ____.
____ detect and remove errors introduced in replication that were missed during the S phase of the cell cycle.
Mismatch repair detect and remove errors introduced in replication that were missed during the ____ phase of the cell cycle.
MSH2 and MLH1 enzymes in mismatch repair are homologues of ____ in prokaryotes.
MSH2 and MLH1 enzymes in mismatch repair are homologues of MutS and MutL in ____.
____ fixes helix-deforming lesions of DNA.
Nucleotide excision repair fixes ____ lesions of DNA.
Nucleotide excision repair fixes lesions via ____.
____ fixes lesions via a cut-and-patch process that requires an excision endonuclease.
Base excision repair fixes ____.
____ fixes nondeforming lesions of the DNA helix.
Base excision repair fixes by removing the ____.
____ fixes by removing the base, leaving an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
____ removes the damaged sequence in base excision repair, which can be filled in with the correct bases.
____ is DNA composed of nucleotides from two different sources.
____ introduces a fragment of DNA into a vector plasmid.
DNA cloning introduces a fragment of DNA into a ____.
____ cuts both the plasmid and the fragment, which are left with sticky ends.
A restriction enzyme (restriction endonuclease) cuts both the ____, which are left with sticky ends.
A restriction enzyme (restriction endonuclease) cuts both the plasmid and the fragment, which are left with ____.
DNA vectors contain ____.
Once the ____, it can be introduced into a bacterial cell and permitted to replicate.
Once the fragment binds to the plasmid, it can be introduced into a ____.
DNA libraries are large collections of ____.
____ are large collections of known DNA sequences.
____ libraries contain large fragments of DNA, including both coding and noncoding regions of the genome.
Genomic libraries contain large fragments of DNA, including ____ regions of the genome.
Genomic libraries contain ____ fragments of DNA.
cDNA libraries (expression libraries) contain ____ fragments of DNA.
____ libraries only include the exons of genes expressed by the sample tissue.
cDNA libraries only include ____.
____ libraries can be used to make recombinant proteins or for gene therapy.
cDNA libraries can be used to make ____.
____ is the joining of complementary base pair sequences.
____ is an automated process by which millions of copies of a DNA sequence can be created from a very small sample by hybridization.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an automated process by which millions of copies of a DNA sequence can be created from a very small samp…
DNA molecules can be separated by ____ using agarose gel electrophoresis .
DNA molecules can be separated by size using ____ .
____ can be used to detect the presence and quantity of various DNA strands in a sample.
Southern blotting can be used to detect ____ of various DNA strands in a sample.
After electrophoresis, the sample is transferred to a membrane that can be ____ with single-stranded DNA molecules to look for a sequence o…
After ____, the sample is transferred to a membrane that can be probed with single-stranded DNA molecules to look for a sequence of interes…
After electrophoresis, the sample is transferred to a membrane that can be probed with ____ molecules to look for a sequence of interest.
DNA sequencing uses ____, which terminate the DNA chain because they lack a 3′ –OH group.
DNA sequencing uses dideoxyribonucleotides, which ____
____ uses dideoxyribonucleotides, which terminate the DNA chain because they lack a 3′ –OH group.
The resulting fragments from dideoxyribonucleotides can be separated by ____, and the sequence can be read directly from the gel.