Question
Induction refers to ____.
Answer
Induction refers to the distribution of charge across σ bonds.
Note ↑: Through induction, oxygen pulls some of the electron density out of these C–H bonds, weakening them. This makes it relatively easy to deprotonate the α-carbon of an aldehyde or ketone, as shown in Figure 7.1.
Note ↑: The pKa values of aldehyde and ketone -hydrogens range from 16 to 21, much lower than the pKa values of ethene (44) or ethyne (25), but comparable with those of alcohols (15–18). Strong bases can therefore remove an -hydrogen. The anions that result are known as enolate ions or simply enolates.
Keep this card coming back until it sticks
Sign up free and spaced repetition will bring Chapter 9: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives cards back right before you forget them.
Continue studying — sign up freeMore cards in Chapter 9: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Under ____ conditions, mixtures of carboxylic acids and alcohols will condense into esters.
Under acidic conditions, mixtures of carboxylic acids and alcohols will condense into ____.
Under acidic conditions, mixtures of ____ will condense into esters.
Treating triacylglycerols with NaOH will produce ____.
Treating ____ will produce fatty acid salts (soap) as well as glycerol.
Certain cyclic anhydrides can be formed simply by ____ carboxylic acids.