Question
Electrons are attracted to atoms that are more ____, generating a dipole across the σ bond.
Answer
Electrons are attracted to atoms that are more electronegative, generating a dipole across the σ bond.
Note ↑: Through induction, oxygen pulls some of the electron density out of these C–H bonds, weakening them. This makes it relatively easy to deprotonate the α-carbon of an aldehyde or ketone, as shown in Figure 7.1.
Note ↑: The pKa values of aldehyde and ketone -hydrogens range from 16 to 21, much lower than the pKa values of ethene (44) or ethyne (25), but comparable with those of alcohols (15–18). Strong bases can therefore remove an -hydrogen. The anions that result are known as enolate ions or simply enolates.
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Under ____ conditions, mixtures of carboxylic acids and alcohols will condense into esters.
Under acidic conditions, mixtures of carboxylic acids and alcohols will condense into ____.
Under acidic conditions, mixtures of ____ will condense into esters.
Treating triacylglycerols with NaOH will produce ____.
Treating ____ will produce fatty acid salts (soap) as well as glycerol.
Certain cyclic anhydrides can be formed simply by ____ carboxylic acids.