105 cards
Alcohols have the general formula ____.
The functional group ____ is referred to as a hydroxyl group.
The functional group –OH is referred to as a ____ group.
Hydroxyl groups attached to aromatic rings are called ____.
Hydroxyl groups attached to ar____e called phenols.
____ attached to aromatic rings are called phenols.
The hydroxyl hydrogens of phenols are particularly acidic due to ____.
The hydroxyl hydrogens of phenols are particularly ____ due to resonance within the phenol ring.
When benzene rings contain two substituents, their ____ must be indicated.
Three possibilities of di-substituted benzene ring locations are ____.
Two groups on adjacent carbons of benzene rings are called ____–.
Two groups separated by a carbon on benzene rings are called ____–.
Two groups on opposite sides of the benzene ring are called ____–.
In phenols, the possible resonance between the ____ make the hydrogen of the alcohol more acidic than other alcohols.
Molecules with more than one hydroxyl group show greater degrees of ____ bonding.
Hydrogen bonding causes increased ____ in water.
Hydrogen bonding occurs when hydrogen atoms are attached to highly electronegative atoms like ____.
Hydrogen bonding occurs when hydrogen atoms are attached to ____ atoms like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.
In the case of a hydroxyl group, the electronegative ____ atom.
The pull of electronegative oxygen on the less electronegative hydrogen generates a ____ charge on the oxygen.
The partially ____ oxygen of another molecule, generating a noncovalent bonding force known as a hydrogen bond.
The partially positive hydrogen of one molecule electrostatically attracts the partially negative oxygen of another molecule, generating a…
The partially positive hydrogen of one molecule electrostatically attracts the partially negative oxygen of another molecule, generating a…
Strong acids have ____ p K a values.
Phenols are more ____ than those of other alcohols due to the aromatic nature of the ring, which allows for the resonance stabilization of…
Phenols are more acidic than those of other alcohols due to the aromatic nature of the ring, which allows for the resonance stabilization o…
Electron-____ substituents increase acidity.
Electron-withdrawing substituents ____ acidity.
Electron-donating substituents ____ acidity.
Electron-____ substituents decrease acidity.
Acidity ____ as more alkyl groups are attached because they are electron-donating, which destabilizes the alkoxide anion.
Acidity decreases as more alkyl groups are attached because they are electron-____, which destabilizes the alkoxide anion.
Acidity decreases as more alkyl groups are attached because they are electron-donating, which ____ the alkoxide anion.
Electron ____ groups stabilizes cations.
Electron donating groups stabilizes ____.
Electron ____ groups stabilizes anions.
Electron withdrawing groups stabilizes ____.
The main reactions that we will see on the MCAT for alcohols include ____ by alcohols.
The main reactions that we will see on the MCAT for ____ include oxidation, preparation of mesylates and tosylates, and protection of carbo…
____ can be oxidized to aldehydes, but only by pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) .
Primary alcohols can be oxidized to ____, but only by pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) .
Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes, but only by ____ .
Alcohols are readily oxidized to carboxylic acids by any oxidizing agent other than ____ (which will only oxidize primary alcohols to aldeh…
Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ____ by PCC or any stronger oxidizing agent.
Common examples of ____ (Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 and K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , respectively).
Common examples of chromium-containing oxidizing agents include ____, respectively).
An even stronger chromium-containing oxidizing agent is ____.
When ____, this is called the Jones oxidation .
When chromium trioxide dissolved with dilute sulfuric acid in acetone, this is called the ____ .
Jones oxidation reaction oxidizes ____ to ketones.
Jones oxidation reaction oxidizes primary alcohols to ____.
The hydroxyl groups of alcohols are ____ leaving groups for nucleophilic substitution reactions.
The hydroxyl groups of alcohols are fairly poor leaving groups for ____ reactions.
Hydroxyl groups of alcohols can be reacted to form much better leaving groups called ____.
____ of alcohols can be reacted to form much better leaving groups called mesylates and tosylates.
A ____ is a compound containing the functional group –SO 3 CH 3 , derived from methanesulfonic acid.
A mesylate is a compound containing the functional group ____.
Mesylates are prepared using ____.
Tosylates contain the functional group ____.
____ contain the functional group –SO 3 C 6 H 4 CH 3 , derived from toluenesulfonic acid.