140 cards
____ are characteristics of processes that don’t change the composition of matter, such as melting point, boiling point, solubility, odor,…
Physical properties are characteristics of processes that don’t change the composition of matter, such as ____.
____ have to do with the reactivity of the molecule with other molecules and result in changes in chemical composition.
Chemical properties have to do with ____.
In organic chemistry, the chemical properties of a compound are generally dictated by the ____ in the molecule.
The only thing that ____ isomers share is their molecular formula.
The only thing that structural isomers share is ____.
Structural isomers are also known as ____ isomers.
____ isomers are also known as constitutional isomers.
Isomers of the same compound are those that have the same ____.
____ of the same compound are those that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
Stereoisomers of a compound share ____.
____ of a compound share the same atomic connectivity, but differ in how these atoms are arranged in space.
All isomers that are not structural isomers fall under the category of ____.
All isomers that are not ____ isomers fall under the category of stereoisomers.
Conformational isomers or conformers of a compound differ ____
____ of a compound differ in rotation around single ( σ ) bonds.
____ isomers can be interconverted only by breaking bonds.
Configurational isomers can be interconverted ____
Conformational isomers are easy to see when the molecule is depicted in ____ .
____ isomers are easy to see when the molecule is depicted in a Newman projection .
Staggered conformation, called ____, occurs when the two largest groups are 60° apart
Staggered conformation, called gauche, occurs when the two largest groups are ____° apart
Staggered conformation, called ____, occurs when the two largest groups are 180° apart.
Staggered conformation, called anti, occurs when the two largest groups are ____° apart.
Because there is no overlap of atoms along the line of sight, the molecule is said to be in a ____ conformation.
Newman conformation, called eclipsed, occurs when the two largest groups are ____° apart.
Newman conformation, called ____, occurs when the two largest groups are 120° apart.
Newman conformation, called totally eclipsed, occurs when the two largest groups are ____° apart.
Newman conformation, called ____, occurs when the two largest groups are 0° apart.
To convert from the ____ conformation, the molecule must pass through an eclipsed conformation
To convert from the anti to the gauche conformation, the molecule must pass through ____ conformation
____ is the highest energy state newman conformation.
____ is the lowest energy state newman conformation.
These conformational interconversion barriers are small between anti staggered butane and totally eclipsed butane and are easily overcome a…
Nevertheless, at ____ temperatures, conformational interconversions are dramatically slow.
Cycloalkanes can be either fairly stable compounds or fairly unstable—depending on ____.
Ring strain arises from three factors: ____.
____ arises from three factors: angle strain, torsional strain, and nonbonded strain (sometimes referred to as steric strain).
____ results when bond angles deviate from their ideal values by being stretched or compressed.
Angle strain results when ____
____ results when cyclic molecules must assume conformations that have eclipsed or gauche interactions.
Torsional strain results when ____
____ results when nonadjacent atoms or groups compete for the same space.
Nonbonded strain ( van der Waals repulsion ) results when ____
Nonbonded strain is the dominant source of steric strain in the ____ interactions of the cyclohexane boat conformation.
____ is the dominant source of steric strain in the flagpole interactions of the cyclohexane boat conformation.
To alleviate the ring strain, cycloalkanes ____
____ puckers into a slight “V” shape conformation.
Cyclobutane puckers into a ____ conformation.
____ adopts what is called an envelope conformation.
Cyclopentane adopts ____ conformation.
Cyclohexane exists mainly in three conformations called the ____ forms.
____ exists mainly in three conformations called the chair , boat , and twist - or skew-boat forms.
The most stable conformation of cyclohexane is the c____onformation.
The hydrogen atoms that are perpendicular (sticking up or down) to the plane of the ring are called ____ .
The hydrogen atoms that are ____ to the plane of the ring are called axial .
The hydrogen atoms that are parallel (sticking out) to the plane of the ring are called ____ .
The hydrogen atoms that are ____ to the plane of the ring are called equatorial .
Cyclohexane can undergo a chair flip in which the cyclohexane molecule briefly passes through a fourth conformation called the ____ conform…