903 cards
Newman projections give information about ____ with respect to a particular sigma bond.
In the ____ formula, the solid black wedges represent bonds coming out of the page, the dashed wedges represent bonds going into the page,…
In the dash-line-wedge formula, the ____ represent bonds in the plane of the page.
In the dash-line-wedge formula, the solid black wedges represent bonds ____ the page.
____ model give information about the relative size of atoms.
The ____ model is a 3D representation of a molecule, with spheres of various colors representing different elements with respect to their r…
Phosphorous forms ____ bonds with oxygen in nucleotide phosphates such as ATP.
Phosphorous forms π bonds with ____ in nucleotide phosphates such as ATP.
A ____ bond forms when the bonding pair of electrons are localized to the space directly between the two bonding atoms.
A σ bond forms when the bonding pair of electrons are ____
A σ bond forms when the ____ electrons are localized to the space directly between the two bonding atoms.
Why is a σ bond the strongest covalent bond? - ____
A ____ bond is created by overlapping p orbitals.
A π bond is created ____
A double bond always consists of ____
____ is the energy needed to break a bond.
____ bonds.
Why are doube bonds harder to break than single bonds? - ____
Atoms that are bound by a ____ bond can rotate freely around the bond, changing the overall shape of the molecule.
When ____ bonds are present, free rotation is no longer possible.
Multiple bonds introduce ____ to the molecular structure.
In order to form four equal σ bonds for carbon, the electrons occupy four orbitals that are hybrids of ____ orbitals.
____ orbitals are equivalent to each other in shape and energy, averaging out the characteristics of the original s and p orbitals.
A ____ bond is formed in the area where the hybrid orbitals of two atoms overlap.
____ bonds are formed by the overlap of pure p orbitals.
π bonds are formed by the overlap of ____ orbitals.
To determine the number and type of hybrid orbital formed by an atom, count ____.
What is the hybridization of a water molecule? - ____
____ is the shape and energy of a hybrid orbital that resembles the s and p orbitals from which it was formed to the same extent that these…
The ____ indicate the character of a hybrid orbital.
The superscripts indicate the ____ of a hybrid orbital.
An ____ orbital is formed from one s and two p orbitals and thus has 33.3% s character and 66.7% p charact
An sp2 orbital is formed from one s and two p orbitals and thus has ____% p charact
____ states that the electrons in an orbital seek to minimize their energy by moving as far away from other electron pairs as possible, min…
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory states that the electrons in an orbital seek to ____
The specific shape formed by an atom's hybrid orbitals depends upon ____.
The specific ____ formed by an atom's hybrid orbitals depends upon the number and position of lone pairs.
Lone pairs and π electrons require more room than bonding pairs, which means they can distort the predicted ____.
____ electrons require more room than bonding pairs, which means they can distort the predicted bond angles.
Lone pairs and π electrons require more ____ than bonding pairs, which means they can distort the predicted bond angles.
Bonding electrons spread out over three or more atoms are called ____ electrons.
____ electrons spread out over three or more atoms are called delocalized electrons.
Bonding electrons spread out over ____ or more atoms are called delocalized electrons.
Molecules containing delocalized electrons can be represented by a combination of two or more alternative Lewis structures called ____.
Molecules containing ____ electrons can be represented by a combination of two or more alternative Lewis structures called resonance struct…
The difference between the energy of the real molecule and the energy of the most stable Lewis structure is called the ____.
The difference between the energy of the ____e is called the resonance energy.
Two conditions are required for resonance to occur: 1) ____
An ____ is a system of connected p orbitals with delocalized electrons in a molecule.
An unsaturated conjugated system is a system of ____
The ____ allows the adjacent π bond in a conjugated system from the double or triple bond to extend and encompass more than two nuclei.
____ is the increased stability of a cyclic molecule due to electron delocalization (resonance).
Aromaticity is the increased ____ of a cyclic molecule due to electron delocalization (resonance).
Aromaticity is the increased stability of a cyclic molecule due to ____.
In addition to the resonance requirements, aromatic compounds must be ____.
____ states that planar monocyclic rings with 4n + 2 π-electrons will be aromatic.
Huckel's rule states that planar monocyclic rings with ____electrons will be aromatic.
Huckel's rule states that planar monocyclic rings with 4n + 2 π-electrons will be ____.
When considering molecules with delocalized electrons, the ____ provides information about which side of the molecule has greater electron…
When considering molecules with delocalized electrons, the dipole moment provides information about which side of the molecule has greater…