95 cards
Endocrine signaling involves the secretion of hormones ____
Endocrine signaling involves the secretion of ____ directly into the bloodstream.
Hormones bind to target receptors and ____
____ hormones are composed of amino acids.
Peptide hormones are composed of ____.
____ are signaling molecules that are secreted directly into the bloodstream to distant target tissues.
At target tissues, hormones bind to receptors, inducing a change in ____.
Hormones can be subdivided into the following categories: ____.
____ hormones are made up of amino acids.
Peptide hormones are made up of ____.
____ hormones are all derived from larger precursor polypeptides that are cleaved during posttranslational modification.
Peptide hormones are all derived from larger precursor polypeptides that are cleaved during ____.
After peptide hormones are cleaved, these smaller units are transported to the ____ for further modifications that activate the hormones an…
After peptide hormones are cleaved, these smaller units are transported to the Golgi apparatus for further modifications that ____
Peptide hormones are ____.
Peptide hormones cannot pass through plasma membranes. ____
The peptide hormone is considered the ____.
The connection between the hormone at the surface and the effect brought about by second messengers within the cell is known as a ____.
At each step of the signaling cascade, there is the possibility of ____.
In G protein-coupled receptors, the binding of a peptide hormone triggers the receptor to either activate or inhibit an enzyme called ____.
In ____ receptors, the binding of a peptide hormone triggers the receptor to either activate or inhibit an enzyme called adenylate cyclase.
Activation or inhibiting of adenylate cyclase can raise or lower the levels of ____ accordingly. .
Activation or inhibiting of ____ can raise or lower the levels of cAMP accordingly. .
The effects of peptide hormones are usually rapid but short-lived because ____.
Peptides are generally ____-soluble.
____ hormones are derived from cholesterol.
Steroid hormones are derived from ____.
Steroid hormones are produced primarily by ____.
Steroid hormones are derived from ____ molecules.
Steroid hormones can cross the cell membrane. ____
Steroid hormone receptors are usually ____
Upon binding to the receptor, steroid hormone–receptor complexes undergo ____.
One common form of conformational change steroid homrone-receptor complexes undergo is ____, aka pairing of two receptor–hormone complexes.
One common form of conformational change steroid homrone-receptor complexes undergo is dimerization, aka ____.
The effects of steroid hormones are faster and longer-lived than peptide hormones. ____
Steroid hormones are ____-soluble.
Steroid hormones are ____
____ hormones are derived from one or two amino acids.
Thyroid hormones are made from ____ modified by the addition of several iodine atoms.
Thyroid hormones are made from tyrosine modified by the addition of several ____ atoms.
Most important amino acid-derivative hormones we need to know are ____.
Out of the different amino acid-derivative hormones, the ____ bind to G protein–coupled receptors.
Out of the different amino acid-derivative hormones, the catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) bind to ____.
Out of the different amino acid-derivative hormones, the thyroid hormones bind to ____.
Out of the different amino acid-derivative hormones, the ____ bind to intracellular receptors.
____ hormones are secreted and then act directly on a target tissue.
____ hormones require an intermediary to act.
Tropic hormones require ____ to act.
Tropic hormones usually originate in the ____.
The ____ are all endocrine glands.
There are collections of cells within organs, such as the ____, that serve important endocrine roles.
____ is the bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems.
The hypothalamus controls the pituitary through ____ release of hormones into a portal system that directly connects the two organs.
The release of hormones by the hypothalamus is regulated by ____.
The hypothalamus secretes compounds into the ____ .
____ is a blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary.
Hypophyseal portal system is a blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the ____.
____ → follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) → ____.
____ → growth hormone (GH).