Question
Transcription factors are known as ____ regulators.
Answer
Transcription factors are known as trans regulators.
Note: The DNA regulatory base sequences (such as promoters, enhancers, and response elements) are known as cis regulators because they are in the same vicinity as the gene they control. Transcription factors, however, have to be produced and translocated back to the nucleus; thus they are called trans regulators because they travel through the cell to their point of action.
Note: Figure 7.17 demonstrates a eukaryotic example of an enhancer. Signal molecules, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), cortisol, and estrogen, bind to specific receptors. For the examples given, these receptors are cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), the glucocorticoid (cortisol) receptor, and the estrogen receptor, respectively; all are transcription factors that bind to their respective response elements within the enhancer. Other proteins are involved in this process, but are outside the scope of the MCAT. Note that the large distance between the enhancer and promoter regions for a given gene means that DNA often must bend into a hairpin loop to bring these elements together spatially.Keep this card coming back until it sticks
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The central dogma states that ____.
The central dogma states that DNA is t____ to protein.
The ____ states that DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated to protein.
A ____ code allows multiple codons to encode for the same amino acid.
A degenerate code allows ____ codons to encode for the same amino acid.
Initiation codon: ____.